rare earth elements

Most exhibit paramagnetism.  Gadolinium is more ferromagnetic than iron at 0℃.  Terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium also exhibit ferromagnetic properties at low temperatures, while the low melting points of lanthanum and cerium and the high vapors of samarium, europium and ytterbium show great differences in the physical properties of rare earth metals.  The thermal neutron absorption cross sections of samarium, europium and yttrium are larger than cadmium and boron, which are widely used in nuclear reactor control materials.  Rare earth metals are plastic, with samarium and ytterbium as the best.  Except ytterbium, yttrium group rare earth has higher hardness than cerium group rare earth.  

Rare earth elements have been widely used in electronics, petrochemical, metallurgy, machinery, energy, light industry, environmental protection, agriculture and other fields.  Rare earth can be used to produce fluorescent materials, rare earth metal hydride battery materials, electric light source materials, permanent magnet materials, hydrogen storage materials, catalytic materials, precision ceramic materials, laser materials, superconducting materials, magnetostrictive materials, magnetic cooling materials, magneto-optical storage materials, optical fiber materials and so on.  [3]  

The commonly used chloride system is KCl-Recl3, which is widely used in industrial and agricultural production and research. Adding small amounts of rare earth to steel, cast iron and alloys can greatly improve performance.  Magnetic materials made of rare earth have strong magnetic properties and are widely used.  Widely used as catalyst in chemical industry.  Rare earth oxides are important luminescent and laser materials.  

China is blessed with abundant rare earth mineral resources and superior metallogenic conditions. Its proven reserves rank first in the world, laying a solid foundation for the development of China's rare earth industry.